Free radical scavenging and anti-proliferative activities of avocado (Persea americana Mill.) seed extract

Objective: To investigate the chemical components and biological activities of avocado seed extract and fractions in order to determine the nutritional and pharmaceutical values of avocado seed. Methods: Various organic solvents were applied for extraction and fractionation of avocado seed. 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl, 2,2-azinobis-3-ethyl benzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid, and DNA oxidation assays were applied for investigation of free radical scavenging activity. Nitric oxide production was measured by Griess reaction assay. Moreover, MTT assay was used to measure cancer cell growth inhibition. Results: The result indicated that the avocado seed contains (7.14 ± 0.40) g lipid/100 g, (1.67 ± 0.03) g protein/100 g, (54.0 ± 1.2) g carbohydrate/100 g, and (62.0 ± 2.3) mg gallic acid equivalent/g dried weight extract. Moreover, dichloromethane and ethyl acetate were revealed to be the highest free radical scavenging fractions with IC50 values of (48.0 ± 3.4) μg/mL (1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl assay) and (22.0 ± 1.8) μg/mL (2,2-azinobis-3-ethyl benzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid assay), respectively. Additionally, the avocado seed extract and fractions were able to protect against H2O2-induced DNA damage at the concentration of 100 μg/mL. On the other hand, the ethanol extract was effective in reducing nitric oxide production from lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophage cells without cytotoxic effect. Notably, the avocado seed significantly inhibited the proliferation of human lung A549 and human gastric BGC823 cancer cells at the concentration of 200 μg/mL, especially hexane (81 ± 3)％ and dichloromethane (75 ± 2)％ fractions. Conclusions: The results of the present study supported the avocado seed as potential by-product source for further development of health beneficial products.

Anatomy of recurrent laryngeal nerve during thyroid surgery / 临床耳鼻咽喉头颈外科杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To study the anatomic characteristics of recurrent laryngeal nerve during thyroid surgery.@*METHOD@#A retrospective review of surgical data of 307 patients undertook thyroid surgery was conducted.@*RESULT@#Total 342 recurrent laryngeal nerves were identified during the surgery(184 on the right side, left 158). 215 (62.9%) nerves were deep to the inferior thyroid artery, 106(31.0%)were superficial to the artery, 21(7.5%) were between the arterial branches. A nerve bifurcation was found in 203(59.4%). None of nerve bifurcation was found in 136(39.8%). 3(0.9%)were confirmed to hold non-recurrent laryngeal nerves during operations. No patient showed permanent laryngeal recurrent nerve paralysis postoperatively.@*CONCLUSION@#The careful dissection and protection of the recurrent laryngeal nerve was an effective method to prevent its injury during thyroid surgery.

Comparison of Two Methods of Laparoscopic Single Port Appendectomy and Conventional Three Port Laparoscopic Appendectomy

PURPOSE: Acute appendicitis is a type of abdominal disease that requires emergency surgery. Over the past three decades, laparoscopic appendectomy has become the standard operation for acute appendicitis. The aim of this paper is to compare the methods of single port appendectomy and conventional appendectomy and to illustrate the advantages of single port appendectomy. METHODS: The first group of patients underwent single port appendectomy using a surgical glove (Group 1), and those in the second group underwent surgery using the TriPort system (Group 2). The third group of patients underwent conventional three port surgery (Group 3). Questionnaires regarding patient satisfaction with scars were administered via telephone interview. Patient characteristics, histopathological data, postoperative data, and satisfaction score were analyzed by t-test and Pearson chi2 test. RESULTS: A statistically significant difference in satisfaction scores was observed among the three groups. Overall, patients in the single port group using a surgical glove would be more likely to recommend the procedure to friends and family than would patients in the other two groups. Better cosmetic results were achieved for both groups of patients who underwent laparoscopic single port appendectomy, compared to those who underwent conventional three port laparoscopic appendectomy, with statistically significant difference. CONCLUSION: Laparoscopic single port appendectomy using a surgical glove is a feasible and safe procedure and shows no differences in terms of risk, such as postoperative complication, compared to a conventional three-trocar technique. Use of this method resulted in better satisfaction compared with the other two groups, illustrating its cosmetic improvement.

Preliminary Study of the Clinical Features of the Chemosensitivity Test in Colorectal Cancer

PURPOSE: Colorectal cancers have been known to be refractory to chemotherapy in the past decades. Recently, novel agents have been developed and various data have shown an improved response rate and a survival benefit. However, considerable heterogeneity exists between cancers of the same tissue type, including colorectal cancer. Thus, Individualized chemotherapy that is tailored specifically to the characteristics of the tumor is necessary for an improved clinical outcome. RESULTS: We evaluate the chemosensitivity of colorectal cancer to standard drugs (5-FU, oxaliplatin, and irinotecan) and to drugs used for other cancers (mitomycin, paclitaxel, and gemcitabine) by using Adenosine-triphosphate-based chemotherapy response assay (ATP-CRA). RESULTS: The degree of in-vitro response to a single anticancer medication was highest for 5-FU. According to stages, 5-FU is the most sensitive chemotherapeutic agent in Duke's B, irinotecan in Duke's C, and 5-FU in Duke's D patients. With tumor location, irinotecan is most sensitive in colon cancers and 5-FU in rectal cancers. The effect of treatment is superior in the test-guided therapy group in Duke's D colorectal cancer patients. CONCLUSIONS: Chemosensitivity tests may be useful in selecting optimum drugs for patient who require chemotherapy. However, the results of this study do not strongly support the usefulness of this assay; further studies with a sufficient number of cases and an extended observation period are ongoing.

Is CO2 Gas Insufflation in Endoscopic Thyroidectomy Safe or Not?: A Prospective Study through the Continuous Measurement of the End-tidal CO2 Pressure

PURPOSE: Endoscopic thyroidectomy has recently been widely used in clinical practice. The operative method can be classified into CO2gas insufflation and the gasless technique. This study assessed the safety of low pressure CO2gas insufflation (up to 6 mmHg) by performing continuous measurement of the end-tidal CO2 (ETCO2) pressure. METHODS: From March 2003 to October 2006, 95 patients (90 hemithyroidectomies and 5 total thyroidectomies) underwent endoscopic thyroidectomy. The low pressure CO2gas insufflation technique was applied in all cases. The ETCO2 pressure of the patients was measured by capnometry at the time of a pre-gas insufflation status (0 minutes) and at the time of post-CO2gas insufflation (30 minutes) and then it was measured every 30 minutes with also performing capnograms. We analyzed the ETCO2 pressure at the time of the pre-CO2gas insufflation status (0 min) and we compared this with that of each status by using paired T-test. RESULTS: For all 95 cases, the mean patient age was 36.2+/-9.1 (range: 21~57 years), the mean tumor size was 1.7+/-1.1 (range: 0.1~4.5 cm) and the mean operative time was 135.0+/-46.1 (range: 50~340 min). The mean ETCO2 pressure (mmHg) was 33.0+/-3.9 at the time of pre-CO2gas insufflation status (0 min); the mean ETCO2 pressure was 31.1+/-3.7 at 30 min (n=95), 33.5+/-3.7 at 60 min (n=95), 35.2+/-3.6 at 90 min (n=95), 34.9+/-3.7 at 120 min (n=90), 34.6+/-3.8 at 150 min (n=70), 34.1+/-3.4 at 180 min (n=40), 34.3+/-5.2 at 210 min (n=15) and 34.0+/-4.2 at 240 min (n=9). There was a significant difference the early post-CO2gas insufflation status (P0.05; at 60 min, 150 min, 180 min, 210 min, 240 min). At each time point, the ETCO2 pressures were all within the normal range. CONCLUSION: We successfully performed endoscopic thyroidectomy with using the low pressure CO2gas insufflation technique and there were no significant complications. We think that performing endoscopic thyroidectomy with using the low pressure CO2gas insufflation technique is a safe procedure.

The Effect of Preoperative Oral Application of Bovine Colostrum on Endotoxemia and TNF-alpha in Abdominal Surgery

PURPOSE: We conducted this study to assess the effect of oral application of bovine colostrum on the plasma endotoxin and TNF-alpha following the abdominal surgery. METHODS: 46 patients who underwent the abdominal surgery were evenly enrolled in a prospective, randomized, double blind and placebo-controlled study. The patients were preoperatively managed by oral application of 20 g of a bovine colostrums or placebo (nonfat dried milk) per a day for 3 days. In both groups, endotoxin was sequentially determined pre-, intra- and postoperatively by a modified limulus amebocyte lysate test. TNF-alpha and CRP were also measured. The clinical course was followed and compared in both groups. RESULTS: The colostrum group showed significantly lower level of endotoxin and TNF-alpha compared to the placebo group. CRP did not differ in both groups. Clinical event did not occur in both group until the discharge. Colostrum group tends to have a lower incidence of fever and leukocytosis without statistic significance. CONCLUSION: Prophylactic preoperative oral application of bovine colostrum lower the plasma level of perioperative endotoxin and TNF-alpha. Further studies were needed for the relation of clinical effect and preoperative oral application of bovine colostrum.

New Trend in Chemotherapy for Colorectal Cancer

5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) has been the main chemotherapeutic agent for the treatment of colorectal cancer for four decades with modest efficacy. Modulation of 5-FU by leucovorin or continuous infusion improves the response rate, but overall survival duration remains approximately 12 months. Many oral fluoropyrimidines have been studied, including capecitabine, UFT, S-1, and Eniluracil. Capecitabine has demonstrated equivalent efficacy with 5-FU and has been approved as first line treatment. CPT-11 demonstrated non-crossover resistance with 5-FU and was proven to be effective treatment for patients who received prior 5-FU. CPT-11 in combination with 5-FU has demonstrated improved response rate and overall survival duration over 5-FU or CPT-11. Oxaliplatin plus 5-FU has offered another effective treatment option for colorectal cancer. Both 5-FU plus leucovorin in combination with CPT-11 or oxaliplatin are widely used first-line chemotherapies for advanced colorectal cancer. The combinations of capecitabine with CPT-11 or oxaliplatin are being developed. Several molecular targeting agents such as EGFR inhibitors and antiangiogenic agents have developed. Cetuximab induces a broad range of cellular responses in tumors expressing EGFR, enhancing sensitivity to radiotherapy and chemotherapeutic agents. A key angiogenic pathway in the stimulation of tumour growth is the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) pathway, inhibited by the monoclonal antibody bevacizumab. Phase II first line and phase III second line studies of oxaliplatin in combination with bevacizumab are now in progress. Optimal combinations and sequences of treatment are being studied, since several effective regimens have become available.

The Usefulness of Colonoscopy in the Management of Right Side Colonic Diverticulitis

PURPOSE: Most patients who finally diagnosed as the cecal and ascending colonic diverticulitis would complain pain on right low quadrant of abdomen. So many of them unfortunately would be performed emergency operation for presumed appendicitis. We are purposed to verify the usefulness of colonoscopy for the diagnosis and aimed to treat many patients with this disease conservatively. METHODS: We reviewed retrospectively the medical records of the 46 patients who diagnosed as the cecal and ascending colonic diverticulitis under admission at general surgery department during 4 years from January, 1997 to December, 2000. RESULTS: The mean age was 40.1 years and the male to female ratio was 1.2:1. Most common clinical manifestation was abdominal pain (46 cases) and nausea/vomiting (13 cases), fever/chill (4 cases) followed. On physical examination on abdomen, 26 patients had tenderness with rebound tenderness on right low quadrant and 18 patients showed only tenderness on right low quadrant. The mean peripheral WBC count was 10,600.9/mm2. Diagnostic tools were abdominal ultrasonography (34 cases), abdominal CT (13 cases), barium enema (8 cases) and colonoscopy (22 cases). The sensitivities of each modalities were 52.6%, 46.2%, 33.3% and 81.8% respectively. The respective mean hospital days depending on the treatment arms were as follows: 6.0 days of the conservatively treated group, 8.0 days of whom were operated as exploratory laparotomy with incidental appendectomy and 16.9 days of whom were operated as Right-hemicolectomy. 17 patients of 24 colonoscopy-done patients were recovered with conservative treatment, compared with only 7 patients of 22 colonoscopy-undone patients (P=0.0005). 2 cases of the conservatively managed groups were operated later due to recurrences (mean follow up periods=20 months). 2 operated patients had complications of postoperative ileus. CONCLUSIONS: Based on our study, the indications of colonoscopy are that in whom impressed clinically as acute appendicitis, on physical examination there be obvious tenderness on right low quadrant but obscure rebound tenderness, on peripheral blood smear the WBC counts range from normal to mild increased (<15,000/mm2), and on ultrasonography, appendix couldn't be detected or colonic wall show thickening. In patients who selected fit for indications, colonoscopy is safe and highly sensitive. We would manage these patients more conservatively, and may reduce their hospital stay.

A Clinical Review of the Advantages of Laparoscopic Inguinal Herniorrhaphy

PURPOSE: Laparoscopic surgery has became or is being tried as a standard procedure in most of abdominal surgeries due to the advantages of little postoperative pain, shortened of hospital stay, early return to daily life, the cosmetic effect etc. In this article, we examine the availability of laparoscopic herniorrhaphy through a clinical review of patients who had undergone by laparoscopic or conventional herniorrhaphy. METHODS: The records and data of 137 inguinal hernia patients who underwent laparoscopic herniorrhaphy (n=57) or conventional herniorrhaphy (n=80), with similar sex and age distribution, were retrospectively analyzed. Laparoscopic herniorrhaphy equated to transabdominal preperitoneal repair and conventional herniorrhaphy to Bassini's or Ferguson's repair. As statistical method, the Chi-square and T-test was used. RESULTS: There was no significant difference noted between the groups in relation to sex, age, site and type of hernia, complication rate, or recurrence rate in both group. The laparoscopic group had a longer mean operative time (87.3 vs 68.6 min) and less frequent postoperative analgesic use (49.1 vs 72.6%) as compared to the conventional group. However there was no statistical significance. The laparoscopic group had a significantly shorter mean postoperative hospital day (3.6 vs 7.8 days) and the mean period of return to work (6.2 vs 15.2 days) as compared to the conventional group. CONCLUSION: Laparoscopic herniorrhaphy is thought to be becoming the preferred operative procedure for young patients with a flourishing social activity particularly due to its shortening of the postoperative hospital stay and facilitating the early return to work. There is a need for the complication and recurrence rate to be reestimated following a sufficient and strict follow up. After studying more cases, a reevaluation must be done concerning the advantage of laparoscopic herniorrhaphy.

Surgical Review of the Rectal Villous Adenoma

PURPOSE: This study was undertaken to evaluate retrospectively the clinical results of surgery for the rectal villous adenoma. METHODS: The study took place from the period of Mar. of 1988 to Feb. 1998 at the Dept. of Surgery, Sungkyunkwan Univ., Medical college. The study consisted of : Among the 97 cases diagnosed with colon & rectal villous adenoma, and 59 were rectal villous adenoma, and 42 cases underwent resection. We focused on these 42 cases, especially on the position of tumor, its size, surgical technique, histologic results & keeping close follow up post-surgically. RESULTS: The sex ratio was 2:1 with male predominence, 18 cases were in their fifties with the average age of 55. In 30 cases, the lesion was situated within the 8 cm of anal verge. The average size of tumor was 3.64 cm. The applied methods were; rectotomy 19 cases, anterior resection 13 cases (including low anterior resection), endoscopic excision and transanal excision were 7 cases, and 2 cases, respectively. And in one case where the tumor size was 14.5 cm and which was situated within 3 cm of anal verge, Miles' operation was conducted. Death due to post-operative complication was not observed. 2 cases of wound infection in postoperation, one case of transient urinary incontinence & hematoma were found. And in the case of explo-laparotomy, anastomosis site leakage, in one case, anastomosis site stricture in 2 cases were noted. malignant cells were observed in total of 73.8%, among these, 80% were from villous adenoma, 70% from tubullovillous adenoma. In the case of tumor size less 1 cm, and tumor size greater than 1 cm, the probability of finding malignant lesion were 33.3% and 76.9%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: We suggest that wideexcision through York-Mason approach is a safe and effective technique for huge villous adenomas of the rectum.